El economista Peter T. Bauer empezó a escribir sobre desarrollo en los años 70, cuando la mayoría de sus colegas defendían la planificación central y las ayudas estatales para solucionar el problema de la pobreza en el tercer mundo. Bauer era muy crítico con esta aproximación, y proponía iniciativas "bottom-up" focalizadas en los incentivos para generar crecimiento económico.
Claudia Williamson en Aid Watch hace una buena síntesis de sus principales ideas contrastándolas con la realidad de la "ayuda externa".
Bauer said: The vicious circle of poverty “is in obvious conflict with simple reality.”
(...) Bauer argued that the poverty trap cannot be a binding constraint. The mere existence of prosperous individuals and societies—most of which have emerged from poverty without the assistance of foreign aid—flies in the face of the poverty trap. While it is true that poor people can’t save as much relative to rich people, if the right incentives are in place, small scale savings will lead to small scale investment, which in turn will generate marginally higher incomes leading to medium scale savings and investment, thus creating a “friendly circle of wealth.”
Bauer said: “Guilt-ridden people hope to assuage their feelings simply by giving away money…without questioning the results: what matters is to give away money, not what results from this process.”
At the recent World Bank annual meeting, the Development Committee praised the World Bank’s “vigorous response” to the global financial crisis, which they quantified as “a tripling of IBRD commitments to $33 billion this year and IDA reaching a historic level of $14 billion.”
While most development agencies profess a commitment to measurable results and outcomes, “results” in development are puzzlingly often equated with volume of loans given or number of grants handed out. According to Bauer, the reason for this apparent contradiction is that collective guilt has replaced individual responsibility. Because the West feels responsible for the lack of development in the rest of the world, what matters is to give away money, not actually see results.
Bauer said: “Foreign aid is demonstrably neither necessary nor sufficient to promote economic progress in the so-called Third World and is indeed much more likely to inhibit economic advancement than it is to promote it.”
Foreign aid inflows alter the incentives of recipient governments, argued Bauer, increasing the power of the (often dictatorial) government, promoting dependency and encouraging rent seeking. Aid ignores the fundamentals that are necessary for economic development: the primacy of property rights and the importance of informal norms and culture for economic change.
José Carlos Rodríguez escribió sobre Bauer en La Ilustración Liberal: Peter Bauer, un disidente aliado de los pobres.
Vía la Bitácora del Almendrón (HT: Capella) leo un artículo de Paul Kagame, presidente de Ruanda, defendiendo postulados básicamente bauerianos en The Guardian:
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